Consideraciones sobre el trabajo, la potencia y el gasto energético durante el ejercicio físico
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Abstract
The main objective of this work is to guide researchers and sports professionals interested in estimating work, power and energy expenditure during physical exercise, using step benches, treadmills and cycle ergometers. The importance of adequate planning and control of training loads is emphasized, as well as the need to have adequate equipment and precise measurements to perform stress tests. Examples of estimating the O2 requirement when walking, running on a treadmill, and using bicycles are provided. It analyses how to calculate energy efficiency during exercise and the factors that determine it, offering examples of how to do it.
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Pérez Martínez I., TapiwaCharumbira L., & Molina MontalvoH. F. (2024). Consideraciones sobre el trabajo, la potencia y el gasto energético durante el ejercicio físico. Acción, 20(s/n), 252-280. Retrieved from https://accion.uccfd.cu/index.php/accion/article/view/345
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References
Abrantes, C., Sampaio, J., Reis, V., Sousa, N., & Duarte, J. (2012). Physiological responses to treadmill and cycle exercise. International journal of sports medicine, 33(01), 26-30.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Astrand P. (2003). Textbook of Work Physiology. Champaing: Human Kinetics.
Banerjee, A., Newman, D.R., Van den Bruel, A., & Heneghan, C. (2012). Diagnostic accuracy of exercise stress testing for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Clinl Pract, 66(5), 477-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02900.x
Bassett Jr, D. R., Howley, E. T., Thompson, D. L., King, G. A., Strath, S. J., McLaughlin, J. E., & Parr, B. B. (2001). Validity of inspiratory and expiratory methods of measuring gas exchange with a computerized system. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(1), 218-224.
Basset, F. A., & Boulay, M. R. (2000). Specificity of treadmill and cycle ergometer tests in triathletes, runners and cyclists. European journal of applied physiology, 81, 214-221.
Beltz, N.M., Gibson, A.L., Janot, J.M., Kravitz, L., Mermier, C.M., & Dalleck, L.C. (2016). Graded exercise testing protocols for determination of VO2max: historical perspectives, progress, and future considerations. J Sports Med, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3968393
Brooks, G. A., Fahey, T. D., & White, T. P. (1996). Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications.
Cavanagh, P. R., & Kram, R. O. D. G. E. R. (1985). Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 326-331.
Cavanagh, P. R., & Kram, R. O. D. G. E. R. (1985). The efficiency of human movement--a statement of the problem. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 304-308.
Coast, J. R., & Welch, H. G. (1985). Linear increase in optimal pedal rate with increased power output in cycle ergometry. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 53(4), 339-342.
Consolazio, C. F. (1963). Physiological measurements of metabolic functions in man. The Computation of Metabolic Balances, 313-317.
Costa, V. A., Midgley, A. W., Carroll, S., Astorino, T. A., de Paula, T., Farinatti, P., & Cunha, F. A. (2021). Is a verification phase useful for confirming maximal oxygen uptake in apparently healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(2), e0247057.
Daniels, J. A. C. K., & Daniels, N. A. N. C. Y. (1992). Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 24(4), 483-489.
Daniels, J. T. (1985). A physiologist's view of running economy. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 332-338.
Delgado, P. C., & Martínez, A. S. (2010). Pruebas de esfuerzo: algunas consideraciones teóricas. Experiencias en su aplicación. Revista Cubana de Medicina del Deporte y la Cultura Física, 5(1).
Deschenes, M. R., Kraemer, W. J., McCoy, R. W., Volek, J. S., Turner, B. M., & Weinlein, J. C. (2000). Muscle recruitment patterns regulate physiological responses during exercise of the same intensity. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 279(6), R2229-R2236.
Donovan, C. M., & Brooks, G. A. (1977). Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise. II. Effects of walking speed and work rate. Journal of Applied Physiology, 43(3), 431-439.
Ferguson, R. A., Ball, D., Krustrup, P., Aagaard, P., Kjær, M., Sargeant, A. J., ... & Bangsbo, J. (2001). Muscle oxygen uptake and energy turnover during dynamic exercise at different contraction frequencies in humans. The Journal of physiology, 536(1), 261-271.
Ferguson, T. (2002). Aerobic and anaerobic systems. GCSE physical education: a revision guide, Champaign, Ill., Human Kinetics, p.39-43;168-171;219.
Foss, M. L., Keteyian, S. J., & Fox, E. L. (1998). Fox's physiological basis for exercise and sport. New York: McGraw-Hill..
Gaesser, G. A., & Brooks, G. A. (1975). Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise: effects of speed and work rate. Journal of applied physiology, 38(6), 1132-1139.
Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., ... & Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & science in sports & exercise, 43(7), 1334-1359.
Grandjean, E. (1963). Fitting the Task to the Man: An Orgonomic Approach. Taylor & Francis.
Granero-Gallegos, A., González-Quílez, A., Plews, D., & Carrasco-Poyatos, M. (2020). HRV-based training for improving VO2max in endurance athletes. A systematic review with meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 7999.
Herrero-Molleda, A., Floría, P., & García-López, J. (2023). Variabilidad del pedaleo en ciclistas de diferentes niveles competitivos. Biomecánica, 29(1).
Hopkins, P., & Powers, S. K. (1982). Oxygen uptake during submaximal running in highly trained men and women. American corrective therapy journal, 36(5), 130-132.
Horowitz, J. F., Sidossis, L. S., & Coyle, E. F. (1994). High efficiency of type I muscle fibers improves performance. International journal of sports medicine, 15(03), 152-157.
Howley E, and Franks B. (2007). Health Fitness Instructor’s Handbook. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Kelley, E., Imboden, M. T., Harber, M. P., Finch, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & Whaley, M. H. (2018). Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors: The ball state adult fitness program longitudinal lifestyle study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes, 2(2), 155-164.
Kenney, W.L., Wilmore, J.H., & Costill, D.L. (2015). An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology. Physiology of Sport and Exercise, (6th ed., pp. 1-23). Human Kinetics.
Knoebel LK. (1984). Energy metabolism. In: Physiology, edited by Selkurt E. Boston: Little Brown & Co., p. 635-650.
Kunttgen, H. G., & Komi, P. (1992). Basic definitions for exercise. Strength and power in sport. Blackwell Scientific Publications, parte, 1(1).
Knuttgen, H. G. (1978). Force, work, power, and exercise. Medicine and science in sports, 10(3), 227-228.
Lafortuna, C. L., Agosti, F., Galli, R., Busti, C., Lazzer, S., & Sartorio, A. (2008). The energetic and cardiovascular response to treadmill walking and cycle ergometer exercise in obese women. European journal of applied physiology, 103, 707-717.
Martínez, I. P., García, M. M., & Díaz, A. Q. (2021). Interrelación entre variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol/Interrelation between variables related to the speed of pitching in Baseball. PODIUM: Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología en la Cultura Física, 16(3), 743-756.
Maud, P. J., & Foster, C. (2006). Physiological assessment of human fitness. Human kinetics.
McCarthy, S. F., Leung, J. M., & Hazell, T. J. (2020). Evaluation of maximal oxygen uptake using verification phases of different intensities across fitness levels: 247 Board# 63 May 27 9: 30 AM-11: 00 AM. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(7S), 50.
MICHIELLI, D. W. (1977). Various pedaling frequencies at equivalent power outputs. NY. SJ Med., 77, 744-746.
Morin, J. B., Samozino, P., Bonnefoy, R., Edouard, P., & Belli, A. (2010). Direct measurement of power during one single sprint on treadmill. Journal of biomechanics, 43(10), 1970-1975.
Moseley, L., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001). The reliability of cycling efficiency. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(4), 621-627.
Muscat, K.M., Kotrach, H.G., Wilkinson-Maitland, C.A., Schaeffer, M.R., Mendonca, C.T., & Jensen, D. (2015). Physiological and perceptual responses to incremental exercise testing in healthy men: effect of exercise test modality. Appl Physiol Nutr Me, 40(11), 1199-1209. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0179
Popov, D., Boyadjiev, N., Kanalev, K., Indjian, K., Dimitrov, I., & Angelova, P. (2024). Change in peak oxygen consumption and exercise economy in male and female weightlifters after a 20-day training program. KNOWLEDGE-International Journal, 63(4), 540-543.
Powers, S. K., Howley, E. T., & Quindry, J. (2007). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance (Vol. 8). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Powers, S. K., Beadle, R. E., & Mangum, M. (1984). Exercise efficiency during arm ergometry: effects of speed and work rate. Journal of applied physiology, 56(2), 495-499.
Quílez, A. G. (2022). Efectos fisiológicos del entrenamiento basado en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en corredores de fondo (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Almería).
Shephard, R. J., & Wetzler, H. P. (1982). Physiology and biochemistry of exercise. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 24(6), 440.
Singleton, W. T. (Ed.). (1982). The body at work: Biological ergonomics. Cambridge University Press.
Spence A, & Mason E. (1992). Human Anatomy and Physiology. Menlo Park: Benjamin-Cummings.
Stegeman, J. (1981). Exercise Physiology: Physiologic Bases of Work and Sport.
Stuart, M. K., Howley, E. T., Gladden, L. B., & Cox, R. H. (1981). Efficiency of trained subjects differing in maximal oxygen uptake and type of training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 50(2), 444-449.
Tauda, M. E., & Bravo, E. C. (2023). Diseño de un Protocolo de Valoración Indirecta y Ecuación de Predicción del VO2max. Específico para el Baloncesto. Kronos: revista universitaria de la actividad física y el deporte, 22(1), 1.
Wenzel, C., Liebig, T., Swoboda, A., Smolareck, R., Schlagheck, M. L., Walzik, D., ... & Zimmer, P. (2024). Machine learning predicts peak oxygen uptake and peak power output for customizing cardiopulmonary exercise testing using non-exercise features. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1-11.
Weston, M., Taylor, K. L., Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2014). Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials. Sports medicine, 44, 1005-1017.
Whipp, B. J., & Wasserman, K. (1969). Efficiency of muscular work. Journal of applied physiology, 26 (5), 644-648.
Yue, T., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Kong, Z., & Qi, F. (2022). Effects of high-intensity interval vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on cardiac rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 845225.
Zagolin, M., TRUJILLO, L., Villanueva, S., Ruiz, M., & Von Oetinger, A. (2020). Test cardiopulmonar: una herramienta de utilidad diagnóstica y pronóstica. Revista médica de Chile, 148 (4), 506-517.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Astrand P. (2003). Textbook of Work Physiology. Champaing: Human Kinetics.
Banerjee, A., Newman, D.R., Van den Bruel, A., & Heneghan, C. (2012). Diagnostic accuracy of exercise stress testing for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Clinl Pract, 66(5), 477-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02900.x
Bassett Jr, D. R., Howley, E. T., Thompson, D. L., King, G. A., Strath, S. J., McLaughlin, J. E., & Parr, B. B. (2001). Validity of inspiratory and expiratory methods of measuring gas exchange with a computerized system. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(1), 218-224.
Basset, F. A., & Boulay, M. R. (2000). Specificity of treadmill and cycle ergometer tests in triathletes, runners and cyclists. European journal of applied physiology, 81, 214-221.
Beltz, N.M., Gibson, A.L., Janot, J.M., Kravitz, L., Mermier, C.M., & Dalleck, L.C. (2016). Graded exercise testing protocols for determination of VO2max: historical perspectives, progress, and future considerations. J Sports Med, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3968393
Brooks, G. A., Fahey, T. D., & White, T. P. (1996). Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications.
Cavanagh, P. R., & Kram, R. O. D. G. E. R. (1985). Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 326-331.
Cavanagh, P. R., & Kram, R. O. D. G. E. R. (1985). The efficiency of human movement--a statement of the problem. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 304-308.
Coast, J. R., & Welch, H. G. (1985). Linear increase in optimal pedal rate with increased power output in cycle ergometry. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 53(4), 339-342.
Consolazio, C. F. (1963). Physiological measurements of metabolic functions in man. The Computation of Metabolic Balances, 313-317.
Costa, V. A., Midgley, A. W., Carroll, S., Astorino, T. A., de Paula, T., Farinatti, P., & Cunha, F. A. (2021). Is a verification phase useful for confirming maximal oxygen uptake in apparently healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(2), e0247057.
Daniels, J. A. C. K., & Daniels, N. A. N. C. Y. (1992). Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 24(4), 483-489.
Daniels, J. T. (1985). A physiologist's view of running economy. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 332-338.
Delgado, P. C., & Martínez, A. S. (2010). Pruebas de esfuerzo: algunas consideraciones teóricas. Experiencias en su aplicación. Revista Cubana de Medicina del Deporte y la Cultura Física, 5(1).
Deschenes, M. R., Kraemer, W. J., McCoy, R. W., Volek, J. S., Turner, B. M., & Weinlein, J. C. (2000). Muscle recruitment patterns regulate physiological responses during exercise of the same intensity. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 279(6), R2229-R2236.
Donovan, C. M., & Brooks, G. A. (1977). Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise. II. Effects of walking speed and work rate. Journal of Applied Physiology, 43(3), 431-439.
Ferguson, R. A., Ball, D., Krustrup, P., Aagaard, P., Kjær, M., Sargeant, A. J., ... & Bangsbo, J. (2001). Muscle oxygen uptake and energy turnover during dynamic exercise at different contraction frequencies in humans. The Journal of physiology, 536(1), 261-271.
Ferguson, T. (2002). Aerobic and anaerobic systems. GCSE physical education: a revision guide, Champaign, Ill., Human Kinetics, p.39-43;168-171;219.
Foss, M. L., Keteyian, S. J., & Fox, E. L. (1998). Fox's physiological basis for exercise and sport. New York: McGraw-Hill..
Gaesser, G. A., & Brooks, G. A. (1975). Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise: effects of speed and work rate. Journal of applied physiology, 38(6), 1132-1139.
Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., ... & Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & science in sports & exercise, 43(7), 1334-1359.
Grandjean, E. (1963). Fitting the Task to the Man: An Orgonomic Approach. Taylor & Francis.
Granero-Gallegos, A., González-Quílez, A., Plews, D., & Carrasco-Poyatos, M. (2020). HRV-based training for improving VO2max in endurance athletes. A systematic review with meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 7999.
Herrero-Molleda, A., Floría, P., & García-López, J. (2023). Variabilidad del pedaleo en ciclistas de diferentes niveles competitivos. Biomecánica, 29(1).
Hopkins, P., & Powers, S. K. (1982). Oxygen uptake during submaximal running in highly trained men and women. American corrective therapy journal, 36(5), 130-132.
Horowitz, J. F., Sidossis, L. S., & Coyle, E. F. (1994). High efficiency of type I muscle fibers improves performance. International journal of sports medicine, 15(03), 152-157.
Howley E, and Franks B. (2007). Health Fitness Instructor’s Handbook. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Kelley, E., Imboden, M. T., Harber, M. P., Finch, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & Whaley, M. H. (2018). Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors: The ball state adult fitness program longitudinal lifestyle study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes, 2(2), 155-164.
Kenney, W.L., Wilmore, J.H., & Costill, D.L. (2015). An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology. Physiology of Sport and Exercise, (6th ed., pp. 1-23). Human Kinetics.
Knoebel LK. (1984). Energy metabolism. In: Physiology, edited by Selkurt E. Boston: Little Brown & Co., p. 635-650.
Kunttgen, H. G., & Komi, P. (1992). Basic definitions for exercise. Strength and power in sport. Blackwell Scientific Publications, parte, 1(1).
Knuttgen, H. G. (1978). Force, work, power, and exercise. Medicine and science in sports, 10(3), 227-228.
Lafortuna, C. L., Agosti, F., Galli, R., Busti, C., Lazzer, S., & Sartorio, A. (2008). The energetic and cardiovascular response to treadmill walking and cycle ergometer exercise in obese women. European journal of applied physiology, 103, 707-717.
Martínez, I. P., García, M. M., & Díaz, A. Q. (2021). Interrelación entre variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol/Interrelation between variables related to the speed of pitching in Baseball. PODIUM: Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología en la Cultura Física, 16(3), 743-756.
Maud, P. J., & Foster, C. (2006). Physiological assessment of human fitness. Human kinetics.
McCarthy, S. F., Leung, J. M., & Hazell, T. J. (2020). Evaluation of maximal oxygen uptake using verification phases of different intensities across fitness levels: 247 Board# 63 May 27 9: 30 AM-11: 00 AM. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(7S), 50.
MICHIELLI, D. W. (1977). Various pedaling frequencies at equivalent power outputs. NY. SJ Med., 77, 744-746.
Morin, J. B., Samozino, P., Bonnefoy, R., Edouard, P., & Belli, A. (2010). Direct measurement of power during one single sprint on treadmill. Journal of biomechanics, 43(10), 1970-1975.
Moseley, L., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001). The reliability of cycling efficiency. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(4), 621-627.
Muscat, K.M., Kotrach, H.G., Wilkinson-Maitland, C.A., Schaeffer, M.R., Mendonca, C.T., & Jensen, D. (2015). Physiological and perceptual responses to incremental exercise testing in healthy men: effect of exercise test modality. Appl Physiol Nutr Me, 40(11), 1199-1209. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0179
Popov, D., Boyadjiev, N., Kanalev, K., Indjian, K., Dimitrov, I., & Angelova, P. (2024). Change in peak oxygen consumption and exercise economy in male and female weightlifters after a 20-day training program. KNOWLEDGE-International Journal, 63(4), 540-543.
Powers, S. K., Howley, E. T., & Quindry, J. (2007). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance (Vol. 8). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Powers, S. K., Beadle, R. E., & Mangum, M. (1984). Exercise efficiency during arm ergometry: effects of speed and work rate. Journal of applied physiology, 56(2), 495-499.
Quílez, A. G. (2022). Efectos fisiológicos del entrenamiento basado en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en corredores de fondo (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Almería).
Shephard, R. J., & Wetzler, H. P. (1982). Physiology and biochemistry of exercise. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 24(6), 440.
Singleton, W. T. (Ed.). (1982). The body at work: Biological ergonomics. Cambridge University Press.
Spence A, & Mason E. (1992). Human Anatomy and Physiology. Menlo Park: Benjamin-Cummings.
Stegeman, J. (1981). Exercise Physiology: Physiologic Bases of Work and Sport.
Stuart, M. K., Howley, E. T., Gladden, L. B., & Cox, R. H. (1981). Efficiency of trained subjects differing in maximal oxygen uptake and type of training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 50(2), 444-449.
Tauda, M. E., & Bravo, E. C. (2023). Diseño de un Protocolo de Valoración Indirecta y Ecuación de Predicción del VO2max. Específico para el Baloncesto. Kronos: revista universitaria de la actividad física y el deporte, 22(1), 1.
Wenzel, C., Liebig, T., Swoboda, A., Smolareck, R., Schlagheck, M. L., Walzik, D., ... & Zimmer, P. (2024). Machine learning predicts peak oxygen uptake and peak power output for customizing cardiopulmonary exercise testing using non-exercise features. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1-11.
Weston, M., Taylor, K. L., Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2014). Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials. Sports medicine, 44, 1005-1017.
Whipp, B. J., & Wasserman, K. (1969). Efficiency of muscular work. Journal of applied physiology, 26 (5), 644-648.
Yue, T., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Kong, Z., & Qi, F. (2022). Effects of high-intensity interval vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on cardiac rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 845225.
Zagolin, M., TRUJILLO, L., Villanueva, S., Ruiz, M., & Von Oetinger, A. (2020). Test cardiopulmonar: una herramienta de utilidad diagnóstica y pronóstica. Revista médica de Chile, 148 (4), 506-517.