Considerations for work, power and energy expenditure during physical exercise
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Resumen
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal proporcionar orientación para investigadores y profesionales del deporte interesados en estimar el trabajo, la potencia y el gasto energético durante el ejercicio físico, utilizando banco de pasos, cintas de correr y cicloergómetros. Se enfatiza la importancia de una adecuada planificación y control de las cargas de entrenamiento, así como la necesidad de disponer de un equipamiento adecuado y mediciones precisas para la realización de pruebas de esfuerzo. Se ofrecen ejemplos de estimación del requerimiento de O2 al caminar correr en cinta rodante y usando bicicletas. Se analiza cómo calcular la eficiencia energética durante el ejercicio y los factores que la condicionan, ofreciendo ejemplos de cómo hacerlo.
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Pérez Martínez I., TapiwaCharumbira L., & Molina MontalvoH. F. (2024). Considerations for work, power and energy expenditure during physical exercise. Acción, 20(s/n), 252-280. Recuperado a partir de https://accion.uccfd.cu/index.php/accion/article/view/345
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Citas
Abrantes, C., Sampaio, J., Reis, V., Sousa, N., & Duarte, J. (2012). Physiological responses to treadmill and cycle exercise. International journal of sports medicine, 33(01), 26-30.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Astrand P. (2003). Textbook of Work Physiology. Champaing: Human Kinetics.
Banerjee, A., Newman, D.R., Van den Bruel, A., & Heneghan, C. (2012). Diagnostic accuracy of exercise stress testing for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Clinl Pract, 66(5), 477-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02900.x
Bassett Jr, D. R., Howley, E. T., Thompson, D. L., King, G. A., Strath, S. J., McLaughlin, J. E., & Parr, B. B. (2001). Validity of inspiratory and expiratory methods of measuring gas exchange with a computerized system. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(1), 218-224.
Basset, F. A., & Boulay, M. R. (2000). Specificity of treadmill and cycle ergometer tests in triathletes, runners and cyclists. European journal of applied physiology, 81, 214-221.
Beltz, N.M., Gibson, A.L., Janot, J.M., Kravitz, L., Mermier, C.M., & Dalleck, L.C. (2016). Graded exercise testing protocols for determination of VO2max: historical perspectives, progress, and future considerations. J Sports Med, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3968393
Brooks, G. A., Fahey, T. D., & White, T. P. (1996). Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications.
Cavanagh, P. R., & Kram, R. O. D. G. E. R. (1985). Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 326-331.
Cavanagh, P. R., & Kram, R. O. D. G. E. R. (1985). The efficiency of human movement--a statement of the problem. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 304-308.
Coast, J. R., & Welch, H. G. (1985). Linear increase in optimal pedal rate with increased power output in cycle ergometry. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 53(4), 339-342.
Consolazio, C. F. (1963). Physiological measurements of metabolic functions in man. The Computation of Metabolic Balances, 313-317.
Costa, V. A., Midgley, A. W., Carroll, S., Astorino, T. A., de Paula, T., Farinatti, P., & Cunha, F. A. (2021). Is a verification phase useful for confirming maximal oxygen uptake in apparently healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(2), e0247057.
Daniels, J. A. C. K., & Daniels, N. A. N. C. Y. (1992). Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 24(4), 483-489.
Daniels, J. T. (1985). A physiologist's view of running economy. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 332-338.
Delgado, P. C., & Martínez, A. S. (2010). Pruebas de esfuerzo: algunas consideraciones teóricas. Experiencias en su aplicación. Revista Cubana de Medicina del Deporte y la Cultura Física, 5(1).
Deschenes, M. R., Kraemer, W. J., McCoy, R. W., Volek, J. S., Turner, B. M., & Weinlein, J. C. (2000). Muscle recruitment patterns regulate physiological responses during exercise of the same intensity. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 279(6), R2229-R2236.
Donovan, C. M., & Brooks, G. A. (1977). Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise. II. Effects of walking speed and work rate. Journal of Applied Physiology, 43(3), 431-439.
Ferguson, R. A., Ball, D., Krustrup, P., Aagaard, P., Kjær, M., Sargeant, A. J., ... & Bangsbo, J. (2001). Muscle oxygen uptake and energy turnover during dynamic exercise at different contraction frequencies in humans. The Journal of physiology, 536(1), 261-271.
Ferguson, T. (2002). Aerobic and anaerobic systems. GCSE physical education: a revision guide, Champaign, Ill., Human Kinetics, p.39-43;168-171;219.
Foss, M. L., Keteyian, S. J., & Fox, E. L. (1998). Fox's physiological basis for exercise and sport. New York: McGraw-Hill..
Gaesser, G. A., & Brooks, G. A. (1975). Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise: effects of speed and work rate. Journal of applied physiology, 38(6), 1132-1139.
Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., ... & Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & science in sports & exercise, 43(7), 1334-1359.
Grandjean, E. (1963). Fitting the Task to the Man: An Orgonomic Approach. Taylor & Francis.
Granero-Gallegos, A., González-Quílez, A., Plews, D., & Carrasco-Poyatos, M. (2020). HRV-based training for improving VO2max in endurance athletes. A systematic review with meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 7999.
Herrero-Molleda, A., Floría, P., & García-López, J. (2023). Variabilidad del pedaleo en ciclistas de diferentes niveles competitivos. Biomecánica, 29(1).
Hopkins, P., & Powers, S. K. (1982). Oxygen uptake during submaximal running in highly trained men and women. American corrective therapy journal, 36(5), 130-132.
Horowitz, J. F., Sidossis, L. S., & Coyle, E. F. (1994). High efficiency of type I muscle fibers improves performance. International journal of sports medicine, 15(03), 152-157.
Howley E, and Franks B. (2007). Health Fitness Instructor’s Handbook. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Kelley, E., Imboden, M. T., Harber, M. P., Finch, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & Whaley, M. H. (2018). Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors: The ball state adult fitness program longitudinal lifestyle study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes, 2(2), 155-164.
Kenney, W.L., Wilmore, J.H., & Costill, D.L. (2015). An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology. Physiology of Sport and Exercise, (6th ed., pp. 1-23). Human Kinetics.
Knoebel LK. (1984). Energy metabolism. In: Physiology, edited by Selkurt E. Boston: Little Brown & Co., p. 635-650.
Kunttgen, H. G., & Komi, P. (1992). Basic definitions for exercise. Strength and power in sport. Blackwell Scientific Publications, parte, 1(1).
Knuttgen, H. G. (1978). Force, work, power, and exercise. Medicine and science in sports, 10(3), 227-228.
Lafortuna, C. L., Agosti, F., Galli, R., Busti, C., Lazzer, S., & Sartorio, A. (2008). The energetic and cardiovascular response to treadmill walking and cycle ergometer exercise in obese women. European journal of applied physiology, 103, 707-717.
Martínez, I. P., García, M. M., & Díaz, A. Q. (2021). Interrelación entre variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol/Interrelation between variables related to the speed of pitching in Baseball. PODIUM: Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología en la Cultura Física, 16(3), 743-756.
Maud, P. J., & Foster, C. (2006). Physiological assessment of human fitness. Human kinetics.
McCarthy, S. F., Leung, J. M., & Hazell, T. J. (2020). Evaluation of maximal oxygen uptake using verification phases of different intensities across fitness levels: 247 Board# 63 May 27 9: 30 AM-11: 00 AM. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(7S), 50.
MICHIELLI, D. W. (1977). Various pedaling frequencies at equivalent power outputs. NY. SJ Med., 77, 744-746.
Morin, J. B., Samozino, P., Bonnefoy, R., Edouard, P., & Belli, A. (2010). Direct measurement of power during one single sprint on treadmill. Journal of biomechanics, 43(10), 1970-1975.
Moseley, L., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001). The reliability of cycling efficiency. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(4), 621-627.
Muscat, K.M., Kotrach, H.G., Wilkinson-Maitland, C.A., Schaeffer, M.R., Mendonca, C.T., & Jensen, D. (2015). Physiological and perceptual responses to incremental exercise testing in healthy men: effect of exercise test modality. Appl Physiol Nutr Me, 40(11), 1199-1209. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0179
Popov, D., Boyadjiev, N., Kanalev, K., Indjian, K., Dimitrov, I., & Angelova, P. (2024). Change in peak oxygen consumption and exercise economy in male and female weightlifters after a 20-day training program. KNOWLEDGE-International Journal, 63(4), 540-543.
Powers, S. K., Howley, E. T., & Quindry, J. (2007). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance (Vol. 8). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Powers, S. K., Beadle, R. E., & Mangum, M. (1984). Exercise efficiency during arm ergometry: effects of speed and work rate. Journal of applied physiology, 56(2), 495-499.
Quílez, A. G. (2022). Efectos fisiológicos del entrenamiento basado en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en corredores de fondo (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Almería).
Shephard, R. J., & Wetzler, H. P. (1982). Physiology and biochemistry of exercise. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 24(6), 440.
Singleton, W. T. (Ed.). (1982). The body at work: Biological ergonomics. Cambridge University Press.
Spence A, & Mason E. (1992). Human Anatomy and Physiology. Menlo Park: Benjamin-Cummings.
Stegeman, J. (1981). Exercise Physiology: Physiologic Bases of Work and Sport.
Stuart, M. K., Howley, E. T., Gladden, L. B., & Cox, R. H. (1981). Efficiency of trained subjects differing in maximal oxygen uptake and type of training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 50(2), 444-449.
Tauda, M. E., & Bravo, E. C. (2023). Diseño de un Protocolo de Valoración Indirecta y Ecuación de Predicción del VO2max. Específico para el Baloncesto. Kronos: revista universitaria de la actividad física y el deporte, 22(1), 1.
Wenzel, C., Liebig, T., Swoboda, A., Smolareck, R., Schlagheck, M. L., Walzik, D., ... & Zimmer, P. (2024). Machine learning predicts peak oxygen uptake and peak power output for customizing cardiopulmonary exercise testing using non-exercise features. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1-11.
Weston, M., Taylor, K. L., Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2014). Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials. Sports medicine, 44, 1005-1017.
Whipp, B. J., & Wasserman, K. (1969). Efficiency of muscular work. Journal of applied physiology, 26 (5), 644-648.
Yue, T., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Kong, Z., & Qi, F. (2022). Effects of high-intensity interval vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on cardiac rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 845225.
Zagolin, M., TRUJILLO, L., Villanueva, S., Ruiz, M., & Von Oetinger, A. (2020). Test cardiopulmonar: una herramienta de utilidad diagnóstica y pronóstica. Revista médica de Chile, 148 (4), 506-517.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Astrand P. (2003). Textbook of Work Physiology. Champaing: Human Kinetics.
Banerjee, A., Newman, D.R., Van den Bruel, A., & Heneghan, C. (2012). Diagnostic accuracy of exercise stress testing for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Clinl Pract, 66(5), 477-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02900.x
Bassett Jr, D. R., Howley, E. T., Thompson, D. L., King, G. A., Strath, S. J., McLaughlin, J. E., & Parr, B. B. (2001). Validity of inspiratory and expiratory methods of measuring gas exchange with a computerized system. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(1), 218-224.
Basset, F. A., & Boulay, M. R. (2000). Specificity of treadmill and cycle ergometer tests in triathletes, runners and cyclists. European journal of applied physiology, 81, 214-221.
Beltz, N.M., Gibson, A.L., Janot, J.M., Kravitz, L., Mermier, C.M., & Dalleck, L.C. (2016). Graded exercise testing protocols for determination of VO2max: historical perspectives, progress, and future considerations. J Sports Med, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3968393
Brooks, G. A., Fahey, T. D., & White, T. P. (1996). Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications.
Cavanagh, P. R., & Kram, R. O. D. G. E. R. (1985). Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 326-331.
Cavanagh, P. R., & Kram, R. O. D. G. E. R. (1985). The efficiency of human movement--a statement of the problem. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 304-308.
Coast, J. R., & Welch, H. G. (1985). Linear increase in optimal pedal rate with increased power output in cycle ergometry. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 53(4), 339-342.
Consolazio, C. F. (1963). Physiological measurements of metabolic functions in man. The Computation of Metabolic Balances, 313-317.
Costa, V. A., Midgley, A. W., Carroll, S., Astorino, T. A., de Paula, T., Farinatti, P., & Cunha, F. A. (2021). Is a verification phase useful for confirming maximal oxygen uptake in apparently healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(2), e0247057.
Daniels, J. A. C. K., & Daniels, N. A. N. C. Y. (1992). Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 24(4), 483-489.
Daniels, J. T. (1985). A physiologist's view of running economy. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17(3), 332-338.
Delgado, P. C., & Martínez, A. S. (2010). Pruebas de esfuerzo: algunas consideraciones teóricas. Experiencias en su aplicación. Revista Cubana de Medicina del Deporte y la Cultura Física, 5(1).
Deschenes, M. R., Kraemer, W. J., McCoy, R. W., Volek, J. S., Turner, B. M., & Weinlein, J. C. (2000). Muscle recruitment patterns regulate physiological responses during exercise of the same intensity. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 279(6), R2229-R2236.
Donovan, C. M., & Brooks, G. A. (1977). Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise. II. Effects of walking speed and work rate. Journal of Applied Physiology, 43(3), 431-439.
Ferguson, R. A., Ball, D., Krustrup, P., Aagaard, P., Kjær, M., Sargeant, A. J., ... & Bangsbo, J. (2001). Muscle oxygen uptake and energy turnover during dynamic exercise at different contraction frequencies in humans. The Journal of physiology, 536(1), 261-271.
Ferguson, T. (2002). Aerobic and anaerobic systems. GCSE physical education: a revision guide, Champaign, Ill., Human Kinetics, p.39-43;168-171;219.
Foss, M. L., Keteyian, S. J., & Fox, E. L. (1998). Fox's physiological basis for exercise and sport. New York: McGraw-Hill..
Gaesser, G. A., & Brooks, G. A. (1975). Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise: effects of speed and work rate. Journal of applied physiology, 38(6), 1132-1139.
Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., ... & Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & science in sports & exercise, 43(7), 1334-1359.
Grandjean, E. (1963). Fitting the Task to the Man: An Orgonomic Approach. Taylor & Francis.
Granero-Gallegos, A., González-Quílez, A., Plews, D., & Carrasco-Poyatos, M. (2020). HRV-based training for improving VO2max in endurance athletes. A systematic review with meta-analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 7999.
Herrero-Molleda, A., Floría, P., & García-López, J. (2023). Variabilidad del pedaleo en ciclistas de diferentes niveles competitivos. Biomecánica, 29(1).
Hopkins, P., & Powers, S. K. (1982). Oxygen uptake during submaximal running in highly trained men and women. American corrective therapy journal, 36(5), 130-132.
Horowitz, J. F., Sidossis, L. S., & Coyle, E. F. (1994). High efficiency of type I muscle fibers improves performance. International journal of sports medicine, 15(03), 152-157.
Howley E, and Franks B. (2007). Health Fitness Instructor’s Handbook. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Kelley, E., Imboden, M. T., Harber, M. P., Finch, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & Whaley, M. H. (2018). Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors: The ball state adult fitness program longitudinal lifestyle study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes, 2(2), 155-164.
Kenney, W.L., Wilmore, J.H., & Costill, D.L. (2015). An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology. Physiology of Sport and Exercise, (6th ed., pp. 1-23). Human Kinetics.
Knoebel LK. (1984). Energy metabolism. In: Physiology, edited by Selkurt E. Boston: Little Brown & Co., p. 635-650.
Kunttgen, H. G., & Komi, P. (1992). Basic definitions for exercise. Strength and power in sport. Blackwell Scientific Publications, parte, 1(1).
Knuttgen, H. G. (1978). Force, work, power, and exercise. Medicine and science in sports, 10(3), 227-228.
Lafortuna, C. L., Agosti, F., Galli, R., Busti, C., Lazzer, S., & Sartorio, A. (2008). The energetic and cardiovascular response to treadmill walking and cycle ergometer exercise in obese women. European journal of applied physiology, 103, 707-717.
Martínez, I. P., García, M. M., & Díaz, A. Q. (2021). Interrelación entre variables relacionadas con la velocidad del lanzamiento en el béisbol/Interrelation between variables related to the speed of pitching in Baseball. PODIUM: Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología en la Cultura Física, 16(3), 743-756.
Maud, P. J., & Foster, C. (2006). Physiological assessment of human fitness. Human kinetics.
McCarthy, S. F., Leung, J. M., & Hazell, T. J. (2020). Evaluation of maximal oxygen uptake using verification phases of different intensities across fitness levels: 247 Board# 63 May 27 9: 30 AM-11: 00 AM. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(7S), 50.
MICHIELLI, D. W. (1977). Various pedaling frequencies at equivalent power outputs. NY. SJ Med., 77, 744-746.
Morin, J. B., Samozino, P., Bonnefoy, R., Edouard, P., & Belli, A. (2010). Direct measurement of power during one single sprint on treadmill. Journal of biomechanics, 43(10), 1970-1975.
Moseley, L., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2001). The reliability of cycling efficiency. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(4), 621-627.
Muscat, K.M., Kotrach, H.G., Wilkinson-Maitland, C.A., Schaeffer, M.R., Mendonca, C.T., & Jensen, D. (2015). Physiological and perceptual responses to incremental exercise testing in healthy men: effect of exercise test modality. Appl Physiol Nutr Me, 40(11), 1199-1209. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0179
Popov, D., Boyadjiev, N., Kanalev, K., Indjian, K., Dimitrov, I., & Angelova, P. (2024). Change in peak oxygen consumption and exercise economy in male and female weightlifters after a 20-day training program. KNOWLEDGE-International Journal, 63(4), 540-543.
Powers, S. K., Howley, E. T., & Quindry, J. (2007). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance (Vol. 8). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Powers, S. K., Beadle, R. E., & Mangum, M. (1984). Exercise efficiency during arm ergometry: effects of speed and work rate. Journal of applied physiology, 56(2), 495-499.
Quílez, A. G. (2022). Efectos fisiológicos del entrenamiento basado en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca en corredores de fondo (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Almería).
Shephard, R. J., & Wetzler, H. P. (1982). Physiology and biochemistry of exercise. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 24(6), 440.
Singleton, W. T. (Ed.). (1982). The body at work: Biological ergonomics. Cambridge University Press.
Spence A, & Mason E. (1992). Human Anatomy and Physiology. Menlo Park: Benjamin-Cummings.
Stegeman, J. (1981). Exercise Physiology: Physiologic Bases of Work and Sport.
Stuart, M. K., Howley, E. T., Gladden, L. B., & Cox, R. H. (1981). Efficiency of trained subjects differing in maximal oxygen uptake and type of training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 50(2), 444-449.
Tauda, M. E., & Bravo, E. C. (2023). Diseño de un Protocolo de Valoración Indirecta y Ecuación de Predicción del VO2max. Específico para el Baloncesto. Kronos: revista universitaria de la actividad física y el deporte, 22(1), 1.
Wenzel, C., Liebig, T., Swoboda, A., Smolareck, R., Schlagheck, M. L., Walzik, D., ... & Zimmer, P. (2024). Machine learning predicts peak oxygen uptake and peak power output for customizing cardiopulmonary exercise testing using non-exercise features. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1-11.
Weston, M., Taylor, K. L., Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2014). Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials. Sports medicine, 44, 1005-1017.
Whipp, B. J., & Wasserman, K. (1969). Efficiency of muscular work. Journal of applied physiology, 26 (5), 644-648.
Yue, T., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Kong, Z., & Qi, F. (2022). Effects of high-intensity interval vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on cardiac rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 845225.
Zagolin, M., TRUJILLO, L., Villanueva, S., Ruiz, M., & Von Oetinger, A. (2020). Test cardiopulmonar: una herramienta de utilidad diagnóstica y pronóstica. Revista médica de Chile, 148 (4), 506-517.